Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) specific housing supports analysis: a sequential needs analysis study in Newfoundland and Labrador in Canada

Abstract

Background: Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in Newfoundland and Labrador (NL) face persistent and complex housing challenges. Despite growing recognition of neurodiversity, housing systems remain inadequately prepared to support individuals with ASD transitioning to adulthood. Fragmented policies, systemic barriers, and limited access to appropriate support services intensify these. Aim: This study aimed to explore and assess the housing needs, barriers, and preferred supports for adults with ASD in NL to inform region-specific, inclusive housing policies. Methods: Using a sequential mixed-methods approach, the study first conducted a qualitative needs assessment framed by Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory, followed by a quantitative survey analysis guided by Bourdieu's Social Capital Theory. Data were collected from adults with ASD, caregivers, and service providers across NL's four regional health authorities. Thematic and descriptive analyses were used to study the experiences of the participants. Results: Major barriers identified in this study include social isolation, lack of independent living skills, shortage of housing options, and poor inter-agency coordination. Results of both studies showed high dependency on long-term caregiving and indicated the need for life-skills programming and support services that are specific to adults with ASD. Participants of both studies strongly recommended structured and supervised housing models that promote autonomy, while considering their needs. Conclusion: Collectively, the studies identify the urgent need for coordinated policy change, extensive support services, and housing options that are appropriate for adults with ASD. They also stress the necessity of inter-agency collaboration and recommend more research in this field to guide inclusive and sustainable housing outcomes for adults with ASD.