Study of ecological risk assessment of PAHs and phenols in produced water after partitioning in the water phase

Abstract

The impact of produced water from oil and gas operations is not only a function of its chemical composition but also of the receiving environment (e.g. marine versus freshwater organisms, high energy versus low energy water etc.). The resulting toxicity of produced waters is related to chemical compositions, and varies widely from nontoxic (LC₅₀>100% whole effluent) to moderately toxic (LC₅₀